Richard AmmonEdited by Richard Ammon
GlobalGayz.com
A Divided Land: Politics and Lifestyles
Bosnia and Herzegovina is governed by two political entities — the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska.
Homosexual sex was decriminalized in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) in 1996 and in the Republika Srpska (RS) in 1998, by those two entities adopting their own criminal laws. (image right: national flag)
The Law Against Discrimination was extended in 2009, prohibiting discrimination based on sex, sexual expression or sexual orientation. This law does not include gender identity, as it was supposed to. It is not clearly defined what the terms ‘sexual expression’ or ‘sexual orientation’ mean. Despite decriminalization, this Law which forbids “every encouragement and advocacy for national, racial or religious hatred”, it still does not explicitly forbid hate speech based on sexual orientation or gender identity. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)
As a result, LGBT people are stigmatized, closed in and ‘inert’ in many respects. “The society itself does not offer any support to those individuals who differ from the traditional idea of gender and sexuality, sexual orientation or gender identity and/or expression, making it much more difficult for LGBT individuals to accept themselves and to secure their lifestyle, and even the rights and freedoms they, as human beings, are entitled to.”
The University of Virginia rights organization Global Rights has studied the complex post war social situation for LGBT citizens in FBiH and has written a extensive extensive report entitled “The Status of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina–A Shadow Report” (2007). In that study they cite numerous indignations against LGBT people in employment, media bias, violence (including from one’s own family), hate speech, privacy, association and expression.
There is no legal recognition of same-sex relationships: “The Bosnian legal system defines marriage as a legal union between a man and a woman, meaning that two persons of the same sex may not enter into marriage and therefore cannot enjoy the privilege of a paid leave of absence in exceptional family emergencies involving sickness or death, a privilege that is extended to unmarried different-sex couples.”
One of the reports conclusions was that “despite the significant development of European law on the LGBT issue, there is very limited and often no means for a person discriminated against on the grounds of his or her sexual orientation or gender identity to seek effective redress under the law in LBiH.”
Pushing Ahead: LGBT Organizations
Struggling against history, politics, religion, ignorance and irrational opposition are several LGBT organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Organization Q was the first LGBTIQ organization to register in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Organization Q for Promotion and Protection of Culture, Identities and Human Rights of Queer Persons was founded in September 2002, and formally registered in February 2004 on the level of BiH.
From their website: “Organization Q works for the promotion and protection of the culture, identity, human rights and support of LGBTIQ persons; elimination of all forms of discrimination and inequality based on sex, gender, sexual orientation, sexual identity, gender identity, gender expression and intersexual characteristics.
Our vision is a society in which all persons live free from fear of themselves and of those who are different; a society which, through all of its segments, improves human rights and accepts and respects diversities of human sexuality.”
They are actively engaged in public and private pro-active rights projects such as Pride festivals, parades (attempted), lobbying strategies, photo exhibitions, health and education seminars, participation in research, parties, and more. See their website.
Organization Logos was initially registered at the end of 2005 under the name of the Initiative for Visibility of Queer Muslims (IIVQM), but shortly after changed its name to Logos and re-registered in 2006.
The following notice from 2007 was posted on the ILGA website about Logos–however, none of the website addresses are correct and we are trying to find active sites.
“Organisation Logos has issued the Baseline Study on Faith-based Development in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Challenges of Non-patriarchal Approaches and Communities, which deals with the complex and vehement issue of place and treatment of LGBTIQ persons in the religious communities present in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Islam, Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, etc.).
“It is a cross-sectoral research that evaluates religious, cultural and institutional responsiveness to LGBTIQ faith-oriented individuals, including various background analysis on legal, social and theological framework for protection from discrimination on the basis of one’s sexual orientation, gender identity and gender expression. It is the only study of this format and volume in the region.
“The study is available for free download at Logos website (www.logos.org.ba) in English (direct link: http://www.logos.org.ba/blog_en.html) and Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (direct link: http://www.logos.org.ba/blog.html) languages. Should you need any additional information, feel free to contact Logos ( logos@logos.org.ba) at any time.”
Other LGBT Organizations
- Organization Equilibrium was registered in mid 2009 on the level of Republika Srpska, and was the first organization to work out of Banja Luka.
- Organization Okvir was registered in mid 2011 on the level of BiH.
- Organization Simosyon initiated registration in 2011.
- Organization Viktorija is in-formation.
- Organization Sarajevo Open Center (SOC), although not an LGBTIQ organization, has been working on LGBTIQ projects since June 2010.
The Violence of Gay Pride
The following story about an attempted Gay Pride march Sarajevo was reported by the BBC on 24 September 2008:
Clashes at Bosnia’s gay festival–Many demonstrators chanted “Kill the Gays!” and “Allahu Akbar!”
At least eight people have been injured in clashes during the opening ceremony of Bosnia’s first gay festival in the capital Sarajevo, police have said. They said dozens of men attacked participants of the festival in front of the city’s Academy of Fine Arts. A foreigner and journalists were reportedly among the injured.
Homosexuality is very much a taboo issue in Bosnia and organisers of the Queer Festival have received death threats, correspondents say. Anti-gay protesters attacked the festival participants as they were leaving the opening ceremony in central Sarajevo on Wednesday evening. Many demonstrators chanted “Kill the Gays!” and “Allahu Akbar!” (God is Great). “When I was getting out of the academy, I was suddenly struck in the back. Three other people then came running and beat me up,” festival participant Pedja Kojovic told the AFP news agency. Violence spread to nearby streets, before police managed to disperse the protesters.
Political event
Holding a gay festival in Bosnia has been condemned by some politicians and sections of the media, the BBC’s Helen Fawkes in Sarajevo says. Sarajevo is a predominantly Muslim city, and religious leaders have said that the timing of the four-day event – coinciding with the Muslim holy month of Ramadan – is provocative, our correspondent says.
Amnesty International and a number of other human rights groups have expressed concern at the level of homophobia and the attempts to incite violence in the run-up to the festival. The organisers said they did not set out to offend anyone, and that the aim was to use art and culture to raise awareness. But now it has become a political event, and the organisers are more determined than ever that the gay festival should take place over the next few days, our correspondent says. (End of BBC report)
Nevertheless. the remainder of the Gay Festival was cancelled.
Moving on to the Present and Future
The following story by Canadian writer Jim Bartley in 2009 is probably the most recent and thorough (western) observation of LGBT life in Bosnia. After the violence of Gay Pride 2008, activists have pulled back from street demonstrations to more quiet activities. “Queer Sarajevo 2009 went ahead on schedule during the last week of September and was conceived as a nation-wide educational show of posters, art, billboards, TV spots and a fresh web presence. With safety in mind, the revamped fest did not feature events such as public gatherings, performances or workshops.”
LGBT life in Bosnia by Jim Bartley 2009:
Dispatch from Sarajevo: Bravery amidst brutality; in Sarajevo, a bold few break a culture of secrecy and face a violent backlash.
By Jim Bartley
http://www.xtra.ca (Canada)
November 05, 2009
(photo right: lost in the crowds: queers move discreetly through Sarajevo’s public spaces; all photos Jim Bentley)
Poignant Memories
Driving through the green hills of central Bosnia this summer, I stopped to gas up. As I slipped behind the wheel again a figure appeared at the window, a beefy thirty-something with a gelled-up soccer star hairdo: Ivo. He needed a lift.
Fourteen years post-war, Bosnia and Hercegovina (BiH) is still warring in its collective psyche, a country of deep enmities, chronic corruption and political deadlock, but I haven’t yet had a bad experience with a hitchhiker. In Ivo’s boyish shrugs, his melancholy half-smile, I sensed mostly resignation. He asked my destination: Mostar. We agreed it was a beautiful old town. He began to thrust his middle finger into the clenched pussy of his other hand: “In Mostar, maybe…?” I said maybe.
We passed a motel and he gestured at it, then did a different mime, his palm slap-humping the opposite fist. “Ja, ti,” he said: “I, you.” I had no time to spare, nor much desire to put my tentative trust of Ivo to the test. When I declined he shrugged easily, then as we passed a series of craggy hilltops he began pointing out the spots where gun emplacements once rained shells on the valley.
Ivo raised a memory from an earlier visit to BiH. Summer of 2001, bumping along a gravel road east of Sarajevo, I stopped for a willowy young guy in a sky-blue T-shirt. I’ll call him Damir. Even before Damir got into the car I was pretty sure I had his number. He’d been beside me only moments before we were deep into the give-and-take that would or wouldn’t end in consummation. Exchanging our destinations (he his family, I my motel) firmed up the options. I invited him back to the motel. A little later, as we passed the turnoff to his village, he changed his mind. He had promised he would visit his grandmother that afternoon — would I like to meet her?
This June I spent two days in Damir’s village with his family. As usual, they treated me like a fond uncle, even butchering a sheep for our dinner. In private, Damir hesitantly announced that he had something to tell me. With an awkward smile he said that he now had a girlfriend. He dug out his wallet and showed me a picture. She lived in a nearby town. They would get married, he said, probably next year.
You might think that Damir was making a mistake. Knowing something of his world, I think the marriage (not an arranged one) is probably his best option. Village life defines and anchors him. To be fully gay would mean abandoning his home and homeland, perhaps moving to Zagreb or Berlin or Amsterdam — or settling in Sarajevo to eke out a life of risk and subterfuge. Damir has a tightknit and loving family. Sadly, in their world, “gay” simply does not compute.
Violent Reaction
(photo right: Svetlana Ðurković (top) and Alma Selimović, here with mascot Dunav, saw their festival guests attacked by thugs and extremists)
Some in Bosnia are determined to change that. In Sarajevo I spoke at length with Svetlana Ðurković, whose inspired brainchild, Organization Q (OQ), has come to define the emerging public face of queer rights in Bosnia. Founded by Ðurković and a male friend in 2002, OQ’s longtime discreet profile finally braved full exposure to media glare last September — with mixed results.
I met with Ðurković in June, at OQ’s third floor walkup space in an old office block pocked with shrapnel scars. For Sarajevo’s queer community, lingering evidence of wartime is overlaid with fresher wounds. Last September, OQ’s inaugural Queer Sarajevo Festival — BiH’s “first public queer event” — opened at the city’s Art Academy in defiance of anonymous death threats and verbal attacks from a broad range of public figures.
At the opening party the crowd was attacked by street thugs and Muslim religious extremists. Print and broadcast media buzzed with the story, forcing Ðurković and her colleagues to defend their ideals against political and religious leaders who blamed OQ’s “provocation” for the violence. Meanwhile they were hounded by further death threats, the online posting of their office address and the gruesome manipulation of their web imagery to show the bloody beheading of a queer. Rather than put attendees at further risk, they felt obliged to cancel the remainder of the festival.
I had a small taste of this public anger myself, strolling through the old Turkish market of Sarajevo with the co-founder of OQ (who requested the moniker “Sebastian”). Chatting about gay male relationships, we were nearing a carpet shop when I heard a sarcastic voice mimic my word, “together.” The shopkeeper, decked out in Turkish cap and elegant kaftan, scowled at me and angrily repeated, “Together, yes, but not here.” He raised his hands and shooed us away like we were street trash.
I caught Sebastian’s eye and he shrugged it off: “You see.” The shopkeeper’s attitude is far from the exception. Visible discomfort with queers and open discrimination are still broadly accepted even in this increasingly sophisticated capital city, forcing all but a few brave souls to hide their love lives and play it straight in public.
Sebastian is no longer active with OQ. He disagrees with Ðurković’s move to high-profile public events, favouring quieter initiatives such as the effort to secure rights legislation. OQ has had recent support on the legal front from Bosnia’s Office of the High Representative (OHR). Administered by the European Union, the OHR was installed in 1995 to enforce the provisions of the Dayton Accord ending the Bosnian War.
The OHR’s stated mandate is to ensure that BiH “evolves into a peaceful and viable democracy on course for integration into the EU.” Ðurković underscored that full human rights law is crucial to the goal of joining Europe and weaning the country from the influence of extremists, criminals and corrupt politicians.
Headline Hunters
(photo: the cover line reads, “Inter-Religious Council of BiH warns: Law prohibiting discrimination is the way to the homosexualization of Bosnian society.”
Quiet and vaguely scholarly, Ðurković’s manner contrasted with the more upfront queer-ish style of OQ members Emina Trumić and Alma Selimović. As we relaxed in the small lounge area of the two-room office, I asked if there are any gay or lesbian bars in Sarajevo. All three quickly said no. Even the handful of bars known as friendly are “not well attended” by queer folk. “You go to a place that you think is relatively safe,” said Trumić, but even then it invites harassment, said Selimović, “if you look different, if your hair or clothing looks ‘queer’ to them.”
One solution has been to schedule invitation-only dances at two or three amenable bars in the city centre. Though OQ’s official membership numbers fewer than 100, they said the party crowd can top 200, about equally male and female. They’ve also hosted private dinner parties and picnics.
For Pride, OQ has orchestrated covert “street actions,” kicking off in June 2006 with an overnight installation of rainbow umbrellas in a city park. Other actions include queer graffiti, rainbow ribbons and a blitz of rainbow AIDS-awareness scarves draped over statues and monuments. The strategy of pitching the actions as art culminated in last fall’s ambitious Queer Sarajevo Festival program at the Art Academy, including a planned screening of Canadian director John Greyson’s film Lilies. About 300 people thronged the Academy for the opening, funded in part by the Swiss, Dutch and Canadian embassies.
Sadly, the violence cut things short. After leaving the reception, guests were ambushed by gangs and beaten. Despite a police presence, at least 10 people were injured, eight were hospitalized.
Ðurković is unwilling to label police as hostile or indifferent. “I think they were not ready. They said themselves that they had a lot of shortcomings.” Ðurković blames the public prosecutor’s office, alleging it failed to respond to criminal threats as the festival approached. A year later, despite photos and video evidence from the attack, only two people have been indicted. Only two of Bosnia’s more than 20 political parties have publicly condemned the violence and supported gay rights legislation. Among religious leaders interviewed in a popular magazine, the Jewish representative was alone in saying that queer rights belonged in the legal realm.
Ðurković and her colleagues described the opening night crowd as mostly straight — artists, writers, media people and supporters from the large expatriate community working for foreign NGOs and embassies. They blamed the low queer turnout on fear of individual exposure, plus the general perception that media coverage only encourages abuse. Those fears aside, they believe the visible courage and support of the large crowd was hugely encouraging. “It’s a first,” said Ðurković.
An Evening Out
That evening I sought out a new bar mentioned by Ðurković. The Cave Club clings to an almost vertical hillside on the bank of the Miljacka River opposite Sarajevo’s central marketplace. A big white cube accessed by a footbridge, it suggests a modernist fortress with its own moat and drawbridge — a good place to weather a siege.
I’d been told at OQ that people were “afraid to go there,” but I was barely across the red-carpeted bridge before I encountered three men on the terrace lounging on large cushions. One eyeballed me with demure interest, sipping his colourful cocktail through a straw. It did feel decidedly like home. Maki, a sinewy fellow in a tight T-shirt, welcomed me and directed me down a twisting pink and lavender stairwell to an underground disco with pulsing lasers and plush banquettes — and not a person anywhere. He said the fun would start later, but due for an early morning I said I’d return on the weekend.
Maki — Mahir Žiško — turned out to be both the owner of Cave Club and a longtime human rights activist who once worked with war-crimes victims. An intense and chatty forty-something with a lean swimmer’s frame, Žiško joined me on the covered terrace on a rainy Sunday afternoon following my return late-night visit to the club. The night before, I had lasted about an hour in the throbbing light and body-pounding volume of the disco, long enough to see the mix of young, visibly queer guys and gals grow from a handful to perhaps two-dozen. Wet weather may have kept some at home, but it hadn’t dampened the sense of giddy community. As I’d hoisted my umbrella to head back to my hotel, Žiško assured me that the weekend crowd can climb to 150. (At press time, the Cave Club was threatened by a bid on its city-owned property from a powerful non-gay business group. Žiško is trying to raise funds to keep the venue.)
Strength in Small Numbers
(photo right: “In Sarajevo, there are only three or four open, proud-to-be-gay people,” says longtime human rights activist Mahir “Maki” Žiško.)
Žiško opened our Sunday chat with an earnest history of the traditional tolerance of Bosnian society, part-and-parcel of centuries of Turkish rule in the Balkans and the non-coercive branch of Islam they introduced. He mentioned the much-noted statistic that before war engulfed BiH, one third of families in Sarajevo were of mixed religion or ethnicity. (Bosnians, South Slavs by ancestry, fall into three main groups: Orthodox Christian Serbs, Catholic Croats, and Slavs who converted centuries ago to Islam after the Turkish conquest.)
Despite the relative ethnic harmony, the pre-war situation for gay people was, he said, “very similar to today.” Though homosexual acts are no longer criminalized, little has changed. Žiško contrasted the current atmosphere of fear with his fond memories of the immediate postwar years, when there were three or four clubs (one his own) with a mixed gay-straight clientele: “It became cool to know a gay person.” He acknowledged that many in the postwar club scene were foreign nationals, working in BiH with the influx of NGOs, military and UN personnel.
A practising Muslim, Žiško pointed to the centuries-old tradition of sex between men in Turkish hamams, or bathhouses. With the Turks ruling BiH for 500 years, he said these discreet freedoms were part of Bosnian life up until recent decades; “You just couldn’t talk about it.” With the internet, new forums opened up for secret liaisons and private chat, but most still remain fearful. “In Sarajevo, there are only three or four open, proud-to-be-gay people,” he said, listing Ðurković, Selimović and a young guy who calls himself JK, borrowing the moniker of a busty Belgrade pop diva.
A few years ago Žiško launched a gay discussion group in his apartment, which grew to a crowd too big for the space. At the time, the deputy US ambassador to BiH was openly gay (“It was a shock to authorities here,” according to Žiško) and sometimes joined in the weekly discussions. Despite the enthusiasm, when Žiško attempted to officially register the group he could gather only five of the 100 signatures needed: “The fear was too great.”
Early last year, Ðurković approached Žiško with the idea of launching a public Pride celebration. The consensus among Žiško’s group was, “why expose ourselves?” It was thought that the community already had safe expression through private events and the handful of friendly club scenes.
Žiško disagreed with the move to media-covered public queer events, and cited the activist profile of OQ as a factor in fomenting the current atmosphere of discretion and fear.
He characterized last year’s Queer Sarajevo Festival, scheduled during the Muslim holiday of Ramadan, as an unfortunate provocation to Sarajevo’s majority Muslim population and, more dangerously, to the country’s volatile extremist faction among Muslim believers.
Žiško supports, “of course,” OQ’s private events and the efforts to secure queer rights legislation. “I like Svetlana. She is brave, a good person.” Still, he believes that she has misjudged the readiness of Bosnians, gay or straight, to support visible queer expression.
Queer Sarajevo 2009 went ahead on schedule during the last week of September. This year, the festival was conceived as a nation-wide educational blitz of posters, art, billboards, TV spots and a fresh web presence. With safety in mind, the revamped fest did not feature events such as public gatherings, performances or workshops.
It was a few days after my last visit to the Cave Club that I found myself with Ivo, easing my rental car onto the gravel shoulder. We’d reached his destination. He asked if I would wait while he got something from his house by the highway — then perhaps I could drive him back to the gas bar? He offered to pay me, turning on the sheepish charm. “Ne mogu,” I kept repeating with my best Balkan shrug. “I can’t.” He put his money away and we stared at each other, he with his perpetual sad smile. Then he was reaching for me, wrapping his big arms around me. He nestled his face into my neck and planted a kiss. He smelled fabulous. Then he was out the door and climbing the slope to his house and I was back on the road, still feeling that soft kiss.
Jim Bartley is on the board of Pink Triangle Press. Drina Bridge, his novel of wartime and queer love in Yugoslavia, was published in 2006.
——————
Bosnia and Herzegovina
– Population: 4.6 million. Sarajevo: 380,000
– Before the Bosnian War (1992-1995), BiH was a constituent republic of Yugoslavia.
– Ethnic groups: 48 percent Bosniak (Muslim); 37 percent Serb; 14 percent Croat.
– In a 2005 Organization Q survey of 210 queer men and women from four urban centres, most respondents agreed that the greatest problem facing them was “social discrimination and social exclusion,” including homophobic, biphobic, and transphobic treatment, and a lack of acceptance by the general public.”
– Counter to the pervasive ethnic-based identity politics in the country, 54 percent in the survey either did not personally identify by ethnicity/nationality, or considered themselves Bosnian or BiH-identified.
Also see:
Gay Pride videos and report from nearby city of Split in Croatia.
Commentary on the Far Right Movement
